Title
of the Research Paper: Students’ Perceptions on the War on Drugs
in the Philippines
Introduction
Extrajudicial Killings are defined by law
as killing due to the political affiliation of the victim,the method of
attack,and the involvement of acquiescence
of stage agents in the commission of the killing (Bub Mo , 2018). Around
the country, bodies have been found bloody, lifeless, and adorned with signs
proclaiming their crimes involvement. A battle of moralities has begun in the
Philippines (Cornelio , 2016). War on drugs in the Philippines is morally and
legally unjustifiable. Resulting in egregious and large-scale violations of
human rights, it amounts to state-sanctioned murder. It is also
counterproductive for countering the threats and harms that the illegal drug
trade and use pose to society — exacerbating both problems while profoundly
shredding the social fabric and rule of law in the
Philippines( Felbab-Brown, 2017).
Since taking office on June 30, 2016 ,
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has carried out a war on drugs that has
led to the deaths of over 12,000 Filipinos to date,mostly urban poor and
incited the killings in a campaign that could amount to crimes against humanity
(Human Rights Watch , 2018). A total of 3,257 extrajudicial killings (EJKs)
were committed during the Marcos dictatorship. In contrast, there were 805
drug-related fatalities from May 10 (when Rodrigo Duterte emerged winner of the
presidential election) to Aug. 12, per the Inquirer count by (
Butuyan, 2016).The challenge is for the public to denounce it.
Public opposition, or better yet outrage, is needed for the government to
change its policy. With more than 3,000 drug war-related killings and counting,
there is no doubt that President Rodrigo
Duterte is continuing the unwritten state policy of extrajudicial killings
(Casino, 2016).
First six months has been a human rights
calamity for the Philippines(Sabillo,
2017 ) The Church right now is asserting its influence, that's why in the
coming months the Church will be at the forefront in leading against
extrajudicial killings( Morella,2017). The main question should be why these
persons become targets and to whom these persons were considered a threat?
Research Objectives:
·
To determine the participants’ perceptions on
the war on drugs.
·
To identify the factors affecting their
perspectives on the war on drugs.
·
To generate a theory that could explain the
surrounding conditions on the war on drugs.
Theoretical
Framework
This study aimed to generate theory that
could explain why is the killing in the Philippines became a rampant issue in
the society and the feedbacks given by about the issue of Extra-judicial
killing in the Philippines. Thus, this study is coordinate with the grounded
theory the discovery of theory from data systematically obtained and analyzed”
Strauss in a 1994 interview tells of meeting Glaser and their developing
grounded-research theory during a study they did together in 1960 (Legewie
& Schervier-Legewie, 2004).
They aimed to improve research generally by
linking theory and data more thoroughly. Glaser and Strauss (1967) also saw the
the incurrent state of qualitative research as one of over-subordination to
quantitative research, being used nearly exclusively as a precursor to what was
seen as the more important and more legitimate quantitative research. Their
purpose was to introduce rigorous new methods of qualitative research that
would enable systematic collection of data, coding, and analysis of data. They
said that their methods were usable in quantitative research also but that they
were focusing on qualitative research because of the suitability of deriving
theory from data. (Cresswell,2014)
The key
elements of the discovery process advocated by Glaser and Strauss (1967)
included: (a) the systematic obtaining of data, (b) the constant comparative
method of qualitative analysis, and (c) the generation of theory. The purpose
is the generating of ideas throughout the process and ending with a unified
theory emerging from data and closely
linked to, or grounded in, data as opposed to the kind of verification of ideas
sought in quantitative research. Interestingly, part of the rigor necessary in
a qualitative study involves interacting closely with the data and making
inferences from the data instead of following preconceived theories—or even
hypotheses formed too quickly (Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L.,1967)
They emphasized the Glaser (1992) has
written about a tension between the need to allow concepts and theories to
emerge and the problem of a natural inclination to force data to fit
preconceived theories. The intimate linking of data is such that Glaser and
Strauss (1967) insisted upon an approach that shunned preconceptions and relied
upon an inductive process of generating
theory from data. The goal is the generation of a theory that fits the data and
works practically. Such a goal, Glaser and Strauss maintained, necessitates
that the theory be generated during research—not before, not after, but through
a process of ongoing examination and re-examination and contemplation and
tentative theorizing.
Marshall and Rossman (1999) maintained: “By
avoiding precise hypotheses, the researcher retains her right to explore and
generate questions in the general area of the topic” .A grounded-theory
approach, then, is well suited to an exploration of student perceptions because
of its appreciation for and attention to the data Qualitative methods
acknowledge bias and subjectivity and seek to capture a rich view of the
perspective of those being studied, even embracing bias and subjectivity as
essential parts of a larger view. Thus, qualitative methods are more complete
and more capable of capturing tacit perceptions and even eliciting the
verbalization of perceptions previously unknown even to those being studied.
Most importantly, they are ideally suited for the investigation at hand
(Feeler, 2012)
Conceptual
Framework
The
Southern Leyte State University Main Campus students’ participation about their
perceptions on the war on drugs in the country.
It is also important to gather their perceptions and feedbacks to gain
sufficient data to this research. SLSU students’ perceptions on the war on
drugs in the Philippines which can formulate data through their feedbacks and
identify also the factors, the boons and banes of the war on drugs in the
country.
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for gathering data to
the students’ perceptions towards EJK
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Methodology
The purpose
of this study was to determine the participant’s perceptions on the war on
drugs in the country which the research was gathered in Southern Leyte State
University-Main Campus and in order to generate a theory about the topic. This
qualitative study used interviews based Fishbowl Technique and followed by a
grounded theory design in formulating the data to guide the collecting of interview
data and as to identify the factors of affecting their perceptions.
The
researcher asked permission to the students for the conduct of the study. After
the getting the approval from the students, the researchers gave insights about
their particular topic. Series of questions are followed afterwards. In
accordance with the grounded theory methodology, the researchers collected data
by interviewing 10 students using Fishbowl Technique and conduct and generate
analysis of the data gathered. The Fishbowl
Sampling procedure was used in discussing topics within the groups. In Fishbowl
sampling, the researchers pick a question from the bowl and then ask the
participants who can give perceptions about the EJK questions.
To begin,
invite the representatives to sit up front , explain to the group how the
process will work, and open the flow with a provocative question, inviting the
representatives in the forum to give their feedbacks (Knowledge Sharing
Toolkit, 2014. The process of data collection for generating theory whereby the
analyst jointly collects, codes, and analyzes the data and decides what data to
collect next and where to find them in order to develop how as it emerges (
Glaser & Strauss , 1967).
Research Questions
1. What
is Extra-judicial Killing?
2. How
does EJK started or exist in the Philippines?
3. How
can the EJK became a instrument to eradicate the people who are involve in
drugs?
4. What
do you think are the factors why is it that there is a suuden increase of cases
about EJK?
5. What
are the boons and banes of eliminating drug user?
